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The Optics of Spectroscopy - A TUTORIAL By J.M. Lerner and A. Thevenon

• 1.1 Basic Equations
• 1.2 Angular Dispersion
• 1.3 Linear Dispersion
• 1.4 Wavelength and Order
• 1.5 Resolving "Power"
• 1.6 Blazed Gratings
  • 1.6.1 Littrow Condition
  • 1.6.2 Efficiency Profiles
  • 1.6.3 Efficiency and Order
• 1.7 Diffraction Grating Stray Light
  • 1.7.1 Scattered Light
  • 1.7.2 Ghosts
• 1.8 Choice of Gratings
  • 1.8.1 When to Choose a Holographic Grating
  • 1.8.2 When to Choose a Ruled Grating

• 2.1 Basic Designs
• 2.2 Fastie­Ebert Configuration
• 2.3 Czerny­Turner Configuration
• 2.4 Czerny­Turner/Fastie­Ebert PGS Aberrations
  • 2.4.1 Aberration Correcting Plane Gratings
• 2.5 Concave Aberration Corrected Holographic Gratings
• 2.6 Calculating alpha and beta in a Monochromator Configuration
• 2.7 Monochromator System Optics
• 2.8 Aperture Stops and Entrance and Exit Pupils
• 2.9 Aperture Ratio (f/value,f/Number),and Numerical Aperture (NA)
  • 2.9.1 f/value of a Lens System
  • 2.9.2 f/value of a Spectrometer
  • 2.9.3 Magnification and Flux Density
• 2.10 Exit Slit Width and Anamorphism
• 2.11 Slit Height Magnification
• 2.12 Bandpass and Resolution
  • 2.12.1 Influence of the Slits (P1(l))
  • 2.12.2 Influence of Diffraction P2 (l))
  • 2.12.3 Influence of Aberrations (P3 (l))
  • 2.12.4 Determination of the FWHM of the Instrumental Profile
  • 2.12.5 Image Width and Array Detectors
  • 2.12.6 Discussion
• 2.13 Order and Resolution
• 2.14 Dispersion and Maximum Wavelength
• 2.15 Order and Dispersion
• 2.16 Choosing a Monochromator/Spectrograph

• 3.1 Definitions
  • 3.1.1 Introduction to Etendue
• 3.2 Relative System Throughput
  • 3.2.1 Calculation of the Etendue
• 3.3 Flux Entering the Spectrometer
• 3.4 Example of Complete System Optimization with a Small Diameter Fiber Optic Light Source
• 3.5 Example of Complete System Optimization with an Extended Light Source
• 3.6 Variation of Throughput and Bandpass with Slit Widths
  • 3.6.1 Continuous Spectral Source
  • 3.6.2 Discrete Spectral Source

• 4.1 Random Stray Light
  • 4.1.1 Optical Signal­to­Noise Ratio in a Spectrometer
  • 4.1.2 The Quantification of Signal
  • 4.1.3 The Quantification of Stray Light
  • 4.1.4 Optimization of Signal­to­Noise Ratio
  • 4.1.5 Example of S/N Optimization
• 4.2 Directional Stray Light
  • 4.2.1 Incorrect Illumination of the Spectrometer
  • 4.2.2 Re­entry Spectra
  • 4.2.3 Grating Ghosts
• 4.3 S/N Ratio and Slit Dimensions
  • 4.3.1 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Source
  • 4.3.2 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and MONOCHROMATIC Light
  • 4.3.3 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Source
  • 4.3.4 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a MONOCHROMATIC Light Source

• 5.1 The Determination of Wavelength at a Given Location on a Focal Plane
  • 5.1.1 Discussion of Results
  • 5.1.2 Determination of the Position of a Known Wavelength in the Focal Plane

• 6.1 Choice of Entrance Optics
  • 6.1.1 Review of Basic Equations
• 6.2 Establishing the Optical Axis of the Monochromator System
  • 6.2.1 Materials
  • 6.2.2 Procedure
• 6.3 Illuminating a Spectrometer
• 6.4 Entrance Optics Examples
  • 6.4.1 Aperture Matching a Small Source
  • 6.4.2 Aperture Matching an Extended Source
  • 6.4.3 Demagnifying a Source
• 6.5 Use of Field Lenses
• 6.6 Pinhole Camera Effect
• 6.7 Spatial Filters

• Acknowledgments
• Bibliography